This study focused on some pollutants, were detected in rivers, lakes, and soil. Polycation–clay mineral nanocomposites were characterized and designed for the removal of

these pollutants. The adsorption kinetics of polyacrylic on montmorillonite (MMT) was studied. Consequently, polycation–MMT composites were chosen to test pollutant adsorption. The results of this study emphasize the importance of better understanding pollutant–adsorbent interactions to enable more efficient tailoring of polymer–clay mineral composites for water and soil treatment.

Green composites are materials having eco-friendly attributes that are technically and economically feasible while minimizing the generation of pollution. This project refers to extract nano fibers from degradable sources mostly cellulosic to develop green composite materials. Cellulosic fibers in micro and nano scale are attractive to replace man-made fibers as reinforcement to make environmentally friendly green products. In this study, we will discuss the steps of extraction of cellulose nano fiber and their properties.

Green composites are materials having eco-friendly attributes that are technically and economically feasible while minimizing the generation of pollution. This project refers to extract nano fibers from degradable sources mostly cellulosic to develop green composite materials. Cellulosic fibers in micro and nano scale are attractive to replace man-made fibers as reinforcement to make environmentally friendly green products. In this study, we will discuss the steps of extraction of cellulose nano fiber and their properties.

The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) from depithed sugarcane bagasse (SCB) via a sulfur-free chemo-mechanical method. The chemical pretreatments were designed in three stages, initially extractives were removed from SCBs based on national renewable energy laboratory (NREL) method, then SCBs were subjected to a pulping process that involved prehydrolysis with deionized hot water and alkaline pretreatment with soda-anthraquinone (AQ) in the mini-batch reactor to produce dissolving pulp.

Rice straw is an inexpensive and easily accessible lignocellulosic resource which in comparison with other lignocellulosic materials has high content of silica. The presence of silica reduces enzymatic hydrolysis yield of straw and consequently, adversely affects ethanol production. In this study, silica removal from rice straw using various chemical substances at different temperatures and time intervals was investigated. Sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, and sodium dodecyl sulfate were used to remove silica from rice straw.

Increasing demand for energy increases the importance of renewable resources to meet this great amount of demands. Among different biofuels, bioethanol has been taking the most attention. Various resources could be used to biologically produce ethanol, but lignocelluloses are of special interest because of having no conflict with food resources. Lignocellulosic materials considered as one of the best renewable resources for biofuel production, are cheap and available in all over the world. These materials are found in cell wall of plants.

In the recent years, because of availability, renewability, low density, high reinforcement properties, and environmental concerns, the use of cellulose nanofibers was increased. Extraction of cellulose nanofibrils (microfibrilated cellulose (MFC)) from plants cell wall has been done by different methods which almost all of these methods include a chemical purification of cellulosic fibers and a mechanical treatment for disintegration of cell wall. In this work, a chemi – mechanical method was developed and used to extract MFCs from rice straw.

Increasing demand for energy in addition to various environmental concerns intensify the significance of using renewable resources for energy production. Among different renewable resources, biomasses, especially lignocellulosic materials, are the most promising alternative for liquid biofuel production. Bioethanol should be considered as the most convenient biofuel to replace fossil fuels. Lignocellulosic materials, mostly include waste materials, are found in the cell wall of plants and composed of three major polymers: cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin.

Cellulose nanofibers were isolated from wheat straw by a chemical-mechanical treatment. Initially, wheat straw fibers were subjected to a chemical process to eliminate lignin, hemicelluloses, and pectin. After cutting, wheat straw fibers were soaked in An alkali solution to swell the cell walls to enable chemical molecules to penetrate through the crystalline region of cellulose and dewaxing. Then, hemicellulose and pectin removed from pulp in acid hydrolysis stage.  Soluble lignin removed in alkali treatment and klasson lignin removed in bleaching stage.