Architectural design of bilayer metal-organic Frameworks on nanotubes for photo-supercapacitor applications

The growing demand for advanced energy storage technologies drives the exploration of functional materials that support sustainable energy production and storage. In this context, we present a photoelectrochemical approach that integrates bilayer metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) on WO₃-TiO₂ nanotubes (WTNTs) to develop efficient photo-rechargeable supercapacitor electrodes. The reductive electrosynthesis technique was employed to deposit monolayer and bilayer MOF architectures on the WTNT surface, forming a new class of photoactive electrodes. Electrochemical analyses conducted under both dark and illuminated conditions revealed a significant enhancement in charge storage capability upon exposure to light. Among the synthesized materials, the Ni-Co-BTC@WTNT electrode, where BTC refers to 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid, demonstrated the highest performance under dark and illuminated …