In this work the application of choline chloride [HOCH2CH2N+(CH3)3]Cl as the ligand of PdCl2 is studied. The catalytic system was homogeneous and as it is expected the catalyst has high activity and even with low concentration it is capable of working. First, palladium chloride and choline chloride were heated by oil bath in 130˚C until a dark brown viscous liquid was obtained which is the homogeneous catalyst.

Herein, we synthesized an inexpensive and biodegradable Lewis acidic ionic liquid using Choline chloride and ZnCl2 and then we applied it in synthesis of α-amino nitriles. In this reaction, various aldehydes and ketones were reacted with aniline and trimethylsilylcyanide (TMSCN) to afford the corresponding α-amino nitriles in high yields. The advantage of this ionic liquid was its application for acid sensitive heterocycles, which yielded the corresponding α-amino nitriles without any polymerization.

The vast application of carbon-carbon bond formation reactions in different areas including synthesis of complex compounds from simpler reactants are of great importance. According to this fact, in recent years,

Herein,application of copper (II) oxide nanoparticles supported on the surface of silica and palladium (II) supported on the bentonit as efficient catalysts were studied in carbon-carbon, carbon-nitrogen and carbon-sulfur bond formation under conventional heating conditions in an oil bath.
First,the activity of copper (II) oxide nanoparticles supported on the surface of silica in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction were studied.The yields under optimized conditions of using Na2CO3 as base,DMF as solvent at 110°C temperature were good.

Due to many vast application of C-C bond formation in the areas including bioactive compounds, natural products and high performance materials, over the past few years, the C-C coupling reactions have become a versatile tool in organic synthesis. Some of the most efficient methods in this category are Heck, Suzuki, homocoupling and cyanation of aryl halides. These reactions often performed under elevated temperature; therefore all of the reaction partners should have high thermal stability.

Due to many vast application of C-C bond formation in the areas including bioactive compounds, natural products and high performance materials, over the past few years, the C-C coupling reactions have become a versatile tool in organic synthesis. One of the most efficient methods in this category is Sonogashira coupling reaction. In this work the application of a new, efficient and inexpensive ionic liquid; copper(I) chlorid /Cholin chlorid is studied.

Solid-state or solvent-free reactions are called green or clean reactions because organic solvents are not used in these reactions. In the next section, Stable and non-hygroscopic Fe/ZrCe and Zn/ZrP, which are prepared easily and commercially available compounds was found to be an effective catalyst for Friedel–Crafts acylation reactions using carboxylic acids, acetic anhydride and benzoyl chloride in the absence of solvent under mild reaction conditions. Both catalyst aromatic carboxylic acids reacted easily to afford the corresponding aromatic ketones.